MEGAMETROPOLE PARIS - HISTORY
Paris is the most populous city and capital of France, capital of the Ile-de-France joint-and single department in the country. It is situated on a loop of the Seine in central Paris Basin, between the confluence of the Marne and Seine upstream, and the Oise and the Seine River downstream. Its inhabitants are called Parisians. On 1 January 2007, the population of central Paris was about 2.2 million inhabitants after the census of the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. During the twentieth century, the city of Paris has largely developed outside the town limits. Its urban area, which includes the city and peri-urban ring, comprised approximately 11.8 million inhabitants on 1 January 2007. It is one of Europe's most populated cities. Paris's position at a crossroads between land and river trade routes in the heart of a rich agricultural region has been one of the main cities of France during the tenth century, with royal palaces, wealthy abbeys and a cathedral in During the twelfth century, Paris became one of the first outbreaks in Europe for education and the arts. The royal power setting in the city, its economic and political importance is growing. Thus, the early fourteenth century, Paris is the largest city of the whole Christian world. In the seventeenth century, it is the capital of the first European power politics in the eighteenth century, the cultural center of Europe in the nineteenth century capital of the arts and pleasures. Home to many monuments, Paris is also an important city in world history, with an important political and economic challenge. Symbol of French culture, the city attracted in the 2000s nearly three million visitors a year. Paris also occupies a prominent place in the world of fashion and luxury. Paris is the economic and commercial capital of France, his first financial and stock market. The Paris region, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of 552.7 billion euro in 2008 is a major European economic player. She is the 1st European region in terms of regional GDP and 6th in terms of GDP per capita PPP. The density of its railway, highway and airport structure, the hub of French and European aviation network, make it a focal point for international transport. This comes from a long evolution, in particular conceptions of centralizing monarchies and republics, which give a considerable role in the capital in the country and tend to concentrate in the extreme institutions. Since the 1960s, successive governments have developed policies of devolution and decentralization in order to rebalance the country. At the heart of the Paris Basin, Paris is located on the Seine where there are two islands that form the historic heart of the city: the Ile de la Cite to the west and the Ile Saint-Louis, to the east. From there, the city spreads unevenly on both sides of the river, the area north on the right bank is much higher (about twice) than on the left bank of the south. Central Paris, is delimited in 1844 by the enclosure of Thiers and the annexation by municipalities or parts of them in 1860, is separated from the suburbs oday by the beltway. The access road are the gates of Paris or the highways and roads joining this ring. The ring road, urban expressway 35 km, is in fact an artificial border between the city and the surrounding communities, and its gradual coverage provides a better open Paris to its suburbs. Within this limit, on both sides of the river, several reliefs consisting of outlier gypsum form small hills. On the right bank, this is the Montmartre (131 m), culminating in the Calvary Cemetery, Belleville (128.5 m), with the culmination of Telegraph Street, Ménilmontant (108 m) Buttes-Chaumont (103 m), Passy (71 m) and Chaillot (67 m). On the left bank, are the high points of Montparnasse (66 m) of the Butte-aux-Quail (63 m) and the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (61 m). Beyond the beltway, Paris also extends to areas hosting the helipad (15th arrondissement) and especially two large areas of forest managed by Haussmann on the town before being attached to Paris in 1929: West the Bois de Boulogne (846 acres, 16) and east, the Bois de Vincennes (995 acres, 12th), bringing the perimeter of the city to 54.74 km. More anecdotally, since 1864, the city of Paris owns the estate surrounding the sources of the Seine, 231 km from the city center, near the town of Source-Seine. The city of Paris with 105 km2, occupies the 113th largest municipalities in metropolitan France. In contrast, the urban unit of Paris, that is to say the city and its metropolitan area, covers an area of 2723 km2 gathering 10,197,678 inhabitants living in 1999 in 396 communes of the Île-de- France. The zero point of the road in France is marked on a slab in front of Notre-Dame de Paris. The Seine runs through the city, forming an arc, on entering the south-east to south-west exit. Over thirty bridges cross the river can. The Pont des Arts and Pont Neuf, the two most famous bridges of Paris The city is also traversed by two rivers: the Bievre, who arrives from the south of Paris, now completely underground, and the Canal St. Martin, opened in 1825 and 4.5 km long. It is partly underground rue du Faubourg du Temple in the Bastille and is the final part of Ourcq canal, 108 km long, entering the town from the northeast. It feeds the Bassin de la Villette, passes under the Place de la Bastille, before joining the Seine upstream of the Ile Saint-Louis, after wearing the Arsenal. A channel is detached at La Villette in the direction of Saint-Denis, the Canal Saint-Denis, along 6.6 km and opened in 1821, it can reach the Seine downstream and to avoid crossing the city. The Paris basin forms a large set of successive sedimentary layers. This is one of the first places that was the subject of a geological map and helped to found many theories as geology paleontology and comparative anatomy, Georges Cuvier's theories. The Paris basin was formed there are 41 million years. It is an epicontinental marine basin based on massive Paleozoic that are the Vosges, Massif Central and Armorican Massif. With the formation of the Alps, the pool is closed but remains open to the Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. This foreshadows the future river basin of the Loire and the Seine. At the end of the Oligocene, the Paris Basin is continental. In 1911, Paul Lemoine shows that the basin is composed of layers arranged in concentric bowls. Later, extensive studies on seismic data, boreholes and wells were allowed to have an accurate picture. These confirm the concentric layers in pans but with complex objects such as faults. The formations are located in Paris raised the layers of the Mesozoic and Paleogene (Tertiary) and were developed by erosion. The first layer dating from the Tertiary consists of alluvial deposits of the Seine in modern times. The oldest deposits are sands and clays dating from the floor Sparnacian present in the 16th district of Auteuil at the Trocadero. But upstairs the best known is the Lutetian, rich in gypsum and limestone. The Parisian basement characterized by the presence of numerous quarries of limestone, gypsum and gritstone. Some were used as catacombs and form the ossuary City, part of which is open to the public. The limestone was mined until the fourteenth century on the left bank of the Place d'Italie at Vaugirard. Today, its extraction has shifted to the Oise, at Saint-Maximin, for example. The gypsum mining has been very active in Montmartre and Bagneux. Hydrogeology is highly influenced by urbanization. The Bievre, a small tributary of the Seine that has shaped the entire left side was covered in the nineteenth century for hygienic reasons. Many groundwater are present in the basement of Paris, such as those that provide Auteuil by drilling water to the city. The web is the best known Albian of the Paris region and is operated in Paris since 1841 by the artesian well of Grenelle. Paris has an oceanic climate gradient: the oceanic influence is predominant in the mainland and results in relatively cool summers (18 ° C on average), mild winters (average 6 ° C) with frequent rain in any season and a time change but with lower rainfall (641 mm) than on the coasts and several points of temperatures (continental influence) in the heart of winter or summer. The development of urbanization causes an increase in temperature and a decrease in the number of foggy days. months January February Mar. Apr. May Jun.. jul. Aug. September Oct. Nov. Dec. years minimum temperature (° C) 2.7 2.8 5.3 7.4 10.9 13.8 15.6 15.5 12.7 9.6 5.8 3.6 8.8 Average temperature ( C) 4.9 5.6 8.8 11.5 15.3 15.3 20.4 20.4 16.9 13 8.3 5.7 12.4 Average (° C) 7.2 8.4 12.3 15.6 19.7 22.7 25.2 25.2 21.1 16.3 10.8 7.8 16 Rainfall (mm) 50.8 41.2 48.1 53.1 63.6 49.8 60.9 52 47 62.5 50.4 57 635.8 Record cold (° C) -14.6 -14.7 -9.1 -3.5 -0.1 3, 1 6 6.3 1.8 -3.1 -14 -23.9 -23.9 Record heat (° C) 16.1 21.4 25.7 30.2 34.8 37.6 40.4 39.5 36.2 28.4 21 17.1 40.4 Source: The climate in Paris-Montsouris (in ° C and mm, mean monthly records since 1981/2000 and 1873)
In addition to a dense network of buses and metro, Paris is served by the RER suburban rail network, which facilitates relations across the Paris area. Six major railway stations linking it to its periphery with a dozen lines of commuter rail (Transilien) in all cities and countries close to France via the TGV train classics. Paris is, after London, the European city that accounts for most air passengers (83.0 million in 2009, the fifth of the world in 2008 and 2.41 million tons of cargo in 2007 in the two airports that receive the 'essential facilities: Paris-Orly and Roissy-Charles de Gaulle. As in all large cities in the world, traffic is very dense and often difficult despite the wide avenues laid out by Haussmann in the nineteenth century that facilitated so much traffic already important at this time. The city is surrounded by a ring road, the busiest road in France. A network of expressways in the spider web links to outlying communities and the rest of the country. Parking in Paris proved tricky in the image of most major cities. It pays in almost all the streets, the municipality established through a policy of promoting public transport and cycling. Thus, the city has since the late the 1990s a network of bike paths constantly increasing. In late 2007, 400 km exist in Paris, including bands and bike paths and bus lanes widened. Following Rennes and Lyon, Paris City Hall launched 15 July 2007 a system of rental bikes free service, called Velib ', with the densest network in Europe, 20,000 bikes in late 2007, 1,400 stations in Paris, one every 300 meters on average, managed by JCDecaux. E-2010, the city has also 16 623 taxis in Paris. Environment Like all big cities in the world, Paris is undergoing environmental consequences related to the scale of its population and economic activity. Paris is the Capital densest population in Europe. The share of green space is very small, despite the parks and gardens that were created over two decades to overcome this deficiency, leading to a relatively limited biodiversity . Air pollution and noise are problems of public health and have motivated the creation of monitoring networks (like Airparif). Urbanism Most French kings since the Middle Ages were keen to leave their mark on a city that does has never been destroyed as London (during the great fire of 1666) and Lisbon (by the earthquake of 1755). While retaining the imprint of the ancient past in the layout of some streets in Paris has developed over the century style uniform and has succeeded in modernizing its infrastructure. The current organization of the city owes much to the work of Haussmann during the Second Empire. He has drilled most of the busiest routes today (Boulevard Saint-Germain Boulevard de Sebastopol, etc.).. Paris is often associated with the alignment of buildings of equal height along avenues lined with trees, punctuated by ornamental facades on the second floor balcony and the spinning of the fifth floor. Central Paris is different from that of many other major Western cities by population density. There has long been strict planning, particularly limits on building heights. Today, new Buildings over thirty-seven meters is allowed only exceptionally and the height limit is even lower in many neighborhoods. Montparnasse Tower (210 meters) since 1973 was the tallest building in Paris and even France until 2009, the skyscrapers are multiplying in the district of La Defense: the First Tower renovated reach 231 meters in height but will be surpassed by the Phare Tower, planned for a height of 300 meters, and the Tour Signal (301 meters) and the Generali Tower which is expected to peak at 318 meters and become the tallest building in Western Europe, before being surpassed in turn by two other buildings in the same neighborhood, in the draft Hermitage Plaza a height of 323 meters. Highways Paris Paris 6088 had public or private roads in 1997. Among the most notable include the Avenue Foch (16e), the largest in Paris with 120 yards, while the Avenue de Selves (8th) Avenue is the shortest with 110 meters in length. The longest street in Paris is the Rue de Vaugirard (6th and 15th) with 4360 meters. The street of Degree (2nd) is on the street it is shorter with only 5.75 meters, while Rue du Chat qui Pêche (5e) is officially the closest with a minimum width of 1.80 meters (some sources report the still trail Merisiers In the 12th, which measures less than one meter, or the passage of the 20th Duée in that, although his right side is now destroyed and surrounded by a fence, measuring only 80 cm wide). Finally, the path is the steepest street Gasnier-Guy (20th) with a slope of 17%. Paris and its suburbs between 1870 and 1940, the capital of France gradually takes a new face: Paris gives way to " Greater Paris ". The administrative organization of Paris under Napoleon III had been an adaptation to demographic change. But the town was then pretty much confined within the walls of Thiers, or limitations of 1860, without knowing New administrative changes. Indeed, Paris, overpopulated, is unable to accommodate the large provincial immigration. The common devices then absorb the overflow of population growth due to rural exodus and economic growth of the city. The contemporary notion of the "suburbs" makes its appearance. Now there is less talk of Paris and the Paris region. Hitherto largely ignored, new problems, such as transport, appear. In 1961, at the request of General de Gaulle, Delouvrier planned urban development and finally develops the construction of five new towns and RER network. But the major change is not accompanied by the creation of a single authority, instead seeing two of the three departments the Paris area (Seine and Seine-et-Oise) in seven that form, they are closer to the people, disperse the fiscal resources and political skills. As the population of the city of Paris stagnant long before returning in recent years, that of the suburbs is increasing continuously since the late nineteenth century to the twenty-first century totaling nearly 80% of the population of greater Paris. Residential Neuilly-sur-Seine. The social geography of the Paris region was modeled on the major trends in the city limits intramural books during the nineteenth century the upper classes are found to the west and south-west to the districts where we hear more about crime than in so-called "sensitive" and the most popular in the north and east. The other sectors are populated by middle class, with some exceptions related to the site and history of Commons : include Saint-Maur in the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north, home to a wealthy population. Bagnolet Great sets. Large sets were built during the 1960s and 1970s to house quickly and at low cost, a rapidly growing population. Some social mix it originally existed, but the homeownership (open to the middle classes from the 1970s), poor quality of construction and poor integration into the urban fabric helped make the desert by those who were there and attract a large population with no opportunities to choose: the proportion of poor immigrants is very high. There are "sensitive areas" in northern districts although it rarely hear about crimes and confrontations and east of Paris [note around the Goutte d'Or and Belleville particular. In the suburbs north of Paris, these districts are concentrated mainly in large part the department of Seine-Saint-Denis and to a lesser extent east of Val-d'Oise. Others, more scattered, are for example in the valley of the Seine, upstream in Evry and Corbeil- Essonnes (in the department of Essonne), downstream and Les Mureaux Mantes-la-Jolie (in the Yvelines department) or in certain social sets new towns. Accommodation More than half of apartments in Paris (58, 1% in 1999) have only one or two rooms. Note the length of the frame, ie in 1999, 55.4% of dwellings were built prior to 1949 against only 3.8% built since 1990, s adding it to 10.3% of Parisian homes vacated, 136 554 of the 1,322,540 homes in the city. Social housing accounts for just over 17% of the urban housing stock, but this average conceals wide disparities in its spatial distribution: the top ten districts of the historical center only account for 6% of social housing in the city for 23% of the total stock. The 13th, 19th and 20th in 96 000 in 1999 accounted for 47% of social housing in Paris focused in only three districts. If we add the 12th, 14th, 15th and 18th arrondissements, one reaches a rate of 81% concentrated in a peripheral crescent from south to north-east of the city. The proportion of social housing accounted for by the SRU in 2006 ranged from 1.2% in the 7th district to 34.1% in the 19th district (28 147). Between 2001 and 2006, 23,851 homes were approved in the city but Parisians were 88,131 applicants for housing office in 2006 and 21 266 non-Parisians. The tenant turnover is low because of high property prices. This rate is 10% per year in France, 7.5% in the Ile-de-France but only 5% in Paris intra-muros Many associations are working to find solutions to poor housing and insecurity of people homeless (Emmaus, Cities of Catholic Relief, Red Cross Paris is ...). the ninth most expensive city in the world, regarding the price of real estate: 12 600 euros/m2 in 2007 (against 36 800 for London, the most expensive). The Immigration eighteenth arrondissement is home to many immigrants from Maghreb or sub-Saharan Africa more recently. The French census, as required by law, ask no questions on ethnicity or religion but gather information about the country chart. It is thus possible to determine the area Greater Paris is one of the most multicultural in Europe: the 1999 census, 19.4% of the total population were born outside of metropolitan France. According to that census, 4.2% of the population of the area Metropolitan Paris were recent immigrants (arrived in France between the censuses of 1990 and 1999), the majority of China and Africa. Moreover, the metropolitan area of Paris also has 15% Muslims. The first massive wave of Immigration to Paris starts around 1820 with the arrival of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis and "open" to France since the presence of armies across the Rhine Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Several other migratory waves were then followed without interruption to our days: Italians and central European Jews during the nineteenth century, Russians after the revolution of 1917, inhabitants of the colonies during the First World War, Poles between the two world wars, Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950s to 1970s, Sephardic Jews after the independence of the countries of North Africa, Africans and Asians since then. The location of immigrants in the city varies depending on community membership: the 18th and 19th districts concentrated a large share of origin in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the neighborhood of Chateau Rouge, while Belleville brings together important North African and Chinese communities. In the 13th arrondissement is the Asian district of Paris, the largest "Chinatown" of Europe. sixteenth arrondissement is one of the areas that have the highest concentration of migrants from the United States. Sociologie de Paris affluent households live mainly in the west of the city while the north-east concentrates the poorest populations and immigrant origin. The continuing rise in property prices explains the gradual replacement of low-income groups or by a new middle class easier. There is this process of gentrification in many other metropolises like London or New York. In Paris, this evolution has popularized the term bobos (bohemian to bourgeois, but vague term much used by sociologists rarely refer) before causing considerable social change in areas until recently considered as popular as the 10th district and certain municipalities in nearby suburbs such as Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis. Paris is the 12th largest city in France more than 20 000 inhabitants for the proportion of taxpayers in the solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), households or 34.5 per 1 000 inhabitants tax . 73 362 households reported a mean wealth tax of 1,961,667 euros in 2006. The 16th arrondissement tops for the number of taxpayers with 17,356 taxpayers. With 27 400 euros of income per consumption unit in 2001, households in Paris are better off in France. The other four departments are leading the charts all the Paris Hauts-de-Seine, Yvelines, Essonne and Val-de-Marne, which reflects the concentration of high-skilled occupations in high-income area Ile-de-France. But if Paris has an image of a "city of the rich" with a high proportion of social classes greater than elsewhere, its sociology intramural reality remains very mixed. We must first note that according to the index of purchasing power parity (PPP), real incomes of the Parisians are well below their nominal income: indeed, the cost of living intramural (starting with the housing) is particularly high, and the same foods are generally more expensive in Paris than in the rest of France. Moreover, the statistics of average incomes often act in trompe-l'oeil (as noted by Joseph Stiglitz) because some very high incomes could exponentially increase the average income of the majority of the population. In the case of Paris, the 10% threshold of the highest incomes (9th decile), largely explains the high level of "middle income" Capital: the threshold amounts in effect to 50 961 euros per year. For the same reason that the median monthly income of Parisians are well below their average income. The social differences are traditionally marked between the inhabitants of western Paris (mostly wealthy) and those from the east. Thus, the average income reported in the 7th arrondissement, the highest was 31 521 euros per consumer unit in 2001, more than double that of the 19th district which does was 13 759 euros, a value close to median income of the Seine-Saint Denis, 13 155 euros. The 6th, 7th 8th and 16th districts are classified in ten municipalities in the Paris region's highest average income while the 10th, 18th, 19th and 20th districts are in the poorest communes of the Île-de-France. We are finally seeing huge disparities of income within the same of all boroughs: the decile ratio (the threshold of 10 % of highest income divided by the threshold of 10% of lowest income) the lowest is 6.7 in the 12th district, against 13.0 for the 2nd district (which has the highest dispersion of income) . More generally, Paris is among the metropolitan departments thresholds below the lowest incomes (81st overall) and has a decile ratio of 10.5 which is the French department with a concentration higher social disparities. It see also ethnic and social ghettoization of certain areas, like Barbès - Rochechouart. Indeed, the sociology of some districts of eastern Paris (as 19th) resembles that of some suburban neighborhoods that do not constitute extension extramural social mapping of the city's 16th district extends from affluent suburban communities, while the North-East of the city has to Appendix municipalities of Seine-Saint-Denis, deemed poor. The 18th, 19th and 20th districts concentrate 40% of the poor in Paris. Some neighborhoods, like the Goutte d'Or combine all social problems: school failure, unemployment or poor health of inhabitants. For example, 32.6% Parisian families of foreign origin live outside the European Union under the poverty line, this is the case for only 9.7% of French origin. Some neighborhoods are characterized by community groups: the Marais district has the distinction attract a large gay community near the Ashkenazi Jewish community whose implementation around the Rue des Rosiers back in the thirteenth century. The 13th District focus for its largest Asian community in Europe in the neighborhood of the Olympics. It should also be noted that the sociology of a neighborhood can vary by hours. The Place de la Bastille, for example, with its many bars and nightlife is lively in the evening by many young people in distress entertainment while in the day, it enjoys relative peace. Toponymy Paris named after the Gallic tribe of Parisii (a Parisius, Parisii). The word Paris is in fact derived from the latin Civitas Parisiorum (City of Parisii ), a designation that has prevailed over Lutetia (Lutetia). The name of Parisii is not known with certainty. Parisii gave their name to Paris, Villeparisis Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Fontenay-en- Parisis and the whole region (pagus) of Paris. In Roman times, there are also Parisii England in what is now East Yorkshire. A History permanent housing in Paris is attested for the period Chasséen (between 4 000 and 3800 BC.) on the left bank of a former branch of the Seine in the 12th arrondissement. The human presence seems to have been continuous during the Neolithic. The remains of a village have Bercy been found and dated about 400 years before our era, including a boat trapped in the sludge swamp then and now displayed at the Musée Carnavalet in Paris. Apart from this, a fuzzy knowledge characterizes the current site since the prehistoric occupation until the Gallo-Roman times. The only certainty is the Parisii, one Gallic tribe of 98, are the masters of the place when the troops of Julius Caesar arrived in 52 BC.
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